Official Gazette of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia n.52 of 7 September 1990, Belgrade. SI-431-1995 (2013). *Correspondence: Martijn Schildkamp, info@smartshelterresearch.com, Front. They mainly follow IBC and mention in its masonry code that stone masonry is only allowed in their lowest Seismic Design Category A (SBC 305-Cr, 2018) with very low seismic risk (<0.07g). SAC-2012-2 (2013). “Evaluation and strengthening of public buildings after the Kamashi (Uzbekistan) earthquakes in 2000 and 2001,” in Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, (Vancouver, BC: 13 WCEE Secretariat). Random rubble masonry wall is most damaged during an earthquake, which can be repaired by grouting with rich cement mortar (1: 1) or with steel mesh and motor. Resmî Gazete n.30364 of 18/03/2018 (in Turkish). It distinguishes four types of Ashlar with different degrees of dressing, being fine, semi-fine, coarse and very coarse. The rubble masonry in which stones are laid without using any mortar is called dry rubble masonry or sometimes shortly as "dry stones". Kathmandu: Government of Nepal. Design Specifications for Primary and Secondary Schools (in Chinese). Due to decades of conflict and a lack of governmental regulatory systems, Afghanistan did not have a unified building code until 2012 and engineers freely used locally issued guidelines and (former) Soviet and Indian codes, such as 1982-102-1 (1982) and 1983-7-II (1983), which were partial translations of the Russian code SNiP II-A.12-69∗ (1977) and the Indian code of practice IS:4326-1976 (1977). The squared rubble in masonry which hammer dressed stones are laid without making courses is called un coursed square rubble masonry. Kathmandu: Department of Urban Development and Building Construction. To address all these above-mentioned shortcomings, the authors of this paper propose a full assessment, validation, optimization and complementation of the existing knowledge, by means of the current state-of-the-art for calculating, testing and modeling. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Subtypes of ashlar masonry are, For zone 9 (on average soil) the code describes maximum building dimensions of 45 m length and 2 stories height, and maximum 9 m between cross-walls, which is far more generous than the Asian codes. Regulations on Construction in Seismic Areas (in Russian). KMK 2.01.03-96 (2004). DBYBHY (2007). Seismic Rules for the Design of Housing and Socio-Cultural, Agricultural and Industrial Buildings (in Romanian). Main mountain ranges of the Caucasus region and the Middle East (original source: Natural Earth raster + vector map). IBC-2009 (2009). IS:1893-1970 (1970). Bucharest: Central Research Institute for Design and Management in Construction. SNiP I-A.1 (1955). Kobe: Ministry of Urban Development and Housing. On the other hand, Croatia, Slovenia and recently also Serbia (RS-89/2019, 2019) have fully adopted the Eurocodes; the latter two without anything specific in their annexes for stone masonry, thus only allowing Ashlar stone masonry. (in Farsi). But in fact, this is no longer clearly described or specifically mentioned. Dhaka: Housing and Building Research Institute. RD-18/04/n.193 (1909). View all It is the type of stone masonry in which finely dressed stones are laid in cement or lime mortar is known as ashlars masonry. Available online at: http://www.moepiu.gov.np/downloads.php?id=5 (accessed September 12, 2020). Potsdam: GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences. Technical Instructions for the Execution of Rubble Stone Masonry (in Romanian). 1) Rubble masonry: In this category, the stones used are either undressed or roughly dressed having wider joints. Effectively this has not been undertaken to date, and therefore the authors of this paper have started a research group with the aim of upgrading the knowledge and improving the seismic resilience of rubble stone masonry, to be published in a series of papers that already includes a literature review of practical manuals, and a detailed cost analysis (Schildkamp and Araki, 2019a, b). The paper ends with an appeal to experts, academics and final-year students worldwide, to exchange their knowledge and to support the project with their time and expertise. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards. To understand the role of stone masonry in all (former) Russian territories, one needs to go back to the definitions in the earliest codes of the 1950s. New Text of Technical Building Standards with Special Requirements for Earthquake-Affected Locations (in Italian). Figure 4. The same was concluded after the literature review of practical manuals (the first paper in this series), where the currently available information was perceived as highly confusing, contradicting and incomplete (Schildkamp and Araki, 2019a). Beijing: State Construction Committee. Diário do Governo n.117 de 31 de Maio de 1958, Lisbon. Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Buildings in Thimpu, Bhutan. Repair of Random Rubble Masonry Wall: Repair of random rubble masonry wall is one method of repair of stone masonry. As a result for housing designs, seismic specifications only need to be applied in category C (zone III) such as: Maximum building height is 2 stories plus attic, maximum free wall span 5.0 m, maximum floor-to-floor height 3.0 m and minimum wall thickness 0.35 m. The minimum dimensions for masonry in corners (230 mm), piers (450 mm) and maximum percentage of openings (46% in ground floor and 37% in first story) are more generous than in Nepal, due to the restricted application in zone III only. 1. Rubble stone is allowed for masonry walls of agricultural, non-residential and industrial buildings.”. GB/T 33735-2017 (2017). Unconursed rubble masonry can divide into the following. After the very damaging 1963 Skopje earthquake in Macedonia, a temporary code SFRY-39/64 (1964) was drafted. Secondly, it is praiseworthy that a few countries have developed separate codes for “non-engineered” construction types, such as the Indian code IS:13828-1993 (2008). This means that from an early stage, the codes refer to the lighter stone masonry types consisting of units with rectangular shapes. Eurokodi 8 – For Construction and Masonry Constructions (in Albanian). E.g. Provided that stone, or even rubble stone is allowed as “other material,” then 2-story buildings with spacing of 7.5m between cross-walls of 38 cm thickness are allowed in seismic zone VIII, without further calculations and regardless of the masonry type. Gazzetta Ufficiale del Regno d’Italia n.212 del 1 Settembre 1884, Rome. The 2009 version SNiP KR 20-02:2009 (2017) only allowed masonry that is reinforced with horizontal and vertical concrete elements, without specifying stone materials. Front. – Type of masonry: Masonry is generally divided into 3 main types, being Unreinforced Masonry (URM), Confined Masonry (CM) and Reinforced Masonry (RM), as described by Silva et al. The available empirical knowledge is based on just a few publications from the 1980s which have not been updated since, as concluded by Schildkamp and Araki (2019a). Resmî Gazete n.12801 of 16/01/1968 (in Turkish). K. Vardanyan (Armenia), Prof. A. Alifov (Azerbaijan), Assist. 2 & 3, Reaffirmed 2018. Decreto-Lei n.38:382 - General Regulation for Urban Buildings (in Portuguese). Thickness of joints is uniform, which does not exceed 6mm. The offsets to be provided in rubble masonry construction have to be 75 mm (3 inches) on either side. The masonry chapter in the first Turkmen seismic code SNT 2.01.08-99 (2000) is nearly identical to the Russian code of 1981, which does not cover rubble stone. Ankara: Turkish Standard Institution. Gazzetta Ufficiale n.285 del 5 Dicembre 1987, Rome. Cost analysis of mountain schools in Nepal: comparison of earthquake resistant features in rubble stone masonry vs. Minimum wall thickness is 400 mm, maximum cross-spacing of walls 11 m, and minimum lengths of corner masonry and piers are 1 m. The total length of openings should not exceed 25% in cross-walls with a maximum length of 1.5 m per opening, and 50% in longitudinal walls with a maximum of 1.8 m. Reinforced concrete tie-beams must be included on top of the foundation and at roof level, as well as steel bar stitches in corners and junctions at 500–700 mm intervals. 3. For URM unfortunately, no further dimensions nor details are given, in contrast to a separate code that Morocco has published for earthen structures in seismic areas, as “this cultural heritage has great aesthetic quality and remarkable adaptation to climatic conditions” (RPCTerre-2011, 2013). All other codes require just one horizontal tie-beam at floor or roof level, with additional rows of bricks in Georgia. Provisional Technical Rules Applicable to Buildings in the Disaster Area of Agadir (in French). Structurally both systems behave different than nominally reinforced loadbearing masonry, but these techniques have resisted the 2015 earthquake very well. Since the very first 1962 edition it is stated that “in highly seismic areas, construction of a type which entails heavy debris and consequent loss of life and property, such as masonry—particularly mud masonry and rubble masonry, is best avoided.” For construction features and material specifications the seismic code refers from its earliest editions to IS:4326-1967 (1968) “Earthquake-Resistant Design and Construction of Buildings,” IS:1905-1961 (1962) “Masonry Walls” and to IS:1597(part 1)-1967 (1967) “Construction of Rubble Stone Masonry.” After the 1988 Bihar earthquake in Nepal near the Indian border, more attention was needed for low-strength brickwork and stone masonry. It is expected that a full validation and justification of the seismic behavior of rubble stone masonry buildings will strengthen the confidence in those countries that still use this technique, as well as creates renewed interest in countries that currently prohibit it. PN 01.01-09 (2012). Kyrgyzstan had developed its first national seismic code in 1994 based on the Russian code and revised it twice. The third-and-about-to-be-published (as of September 2020) version of the Armenian seismic code RABC 20.04_ (2020) has become more conservative toward masonry in general, compared to its predecessor RABC II-6.02-2006 (2011). Tirana: Academy of Sciences. One horizontal tie-beam is required at roof level, and vertical reinforcements are not necessary when all the above-mentioned dimensions are respected. Design Standards (in Tajik and Russian). It resembles the Nepali and Indian codes for NRM, however, it only covers rubble stone with mud mortar. Al-Nimry, H., Armouti, N., and Najmi, A. Still, lower-strength masonry of category 2 must meet a minimum “ultimate axial tensile strength of 120 kPa,” which may be difficult to determine (or understand) in the rural areas. Front. The strategy of SMARTnet envisions a joint approach of global collaboration, to cope with the massive number of material variables, as well as to generate cross-checked data that can be used for calculations and computer modeling of non-engineered techniques. Dushanbe: Agency for Construction and Architecture under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan. before lying, all projecting corners of stones are slightly knocked off. Decree 372-30.5.2014 (2014). Roughly 60% of the surface of Azerbaijan is covered by mountains, such as the Greater and Lesser Caucasus Ranges and the Talysh Mountains bordering Iran. Guidelines for Earthquake Resistant Building Construction: Low Strength Masonry, V1.RV1, reprint. Flint Rubble Masonry: This type of masonry is generally put to use where flint/cobble is available in … Further, the minimum demand for daylight in classrooms is specified in the design regulation for rural school buildings (Construction Standard 109, 2008), recommending a minimum ratio of glass surface versus floor area of 1:6. This leaves 7 countries where the use of rubble stone masonry for buildings in highly seismic areas is still practiced and specifically allowed, for which the main requirements and design specifications are summarized in Table 1. For all the above reasons, schools in China are currently predominantly constructed with reinforced concrete frames. “Scale of seismic intensity,” in Proceedings of the 4th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, (Santiago: Universidad de Chile). J. Struct. Vol. For economy the facing are built in ashlars and the rest in rubble. Contrary to the 1994 set, the revised NBC 202:2015 makes no distinction between seismic zoning or building categories. Some data had to be found in a footnote which referred to another footnote. Prof. M. Raghunandan (India), Prof. S. Lodi, Assist. Lodi, S. H. (2015). Used for construction of public buildings, hospitals, schools, markets, modern residential buildings etc and in hilly areas where good quality of stone is easily available. Currently, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, Kosovo and North Macedonia are still in the process of adopting and implementing the Eurocodes (Athanasopoulou et al., 2019), therefore the 1981 version of the Yugoslavian code (plus revisions) is still valid in these countries. Regulation on Buildings in Seismic Zones. Ashlar facing is the best type of ashlars masonry. The masonry section about empirical design contains word-for-word copied sections of the Indian Standards IS:4326-1993 (1993) and IS:1905-1987 (1989), which are specifically meant for regular sized stones (Ashlar), and currently more than 30 years old. EN 1998-1:2004+A1 (2013). Although restricted to areas with a low seismic hazard, with these clauses the Italian national codes deviate from Eurocode. Solve this simple math problem and enter the result. B: Sector Reports. The Indian seismic code IS:1893 (part 1)-2016 (2016) also leaves room for interpretation as stone masonry “should preferably be avoided” in seismic zone IV, and construction of schools “should not be permitted.” The overall point is: Any possible misinterpretation can easily be avoided by adding a clear line in the codes, which specifically states whether rubble stone masonry is allowed or not; and to what type of buildings and structures it applies. This, however, does not serve the current engineering practices and construction needs in these countries. Kathmandu: Department of Urban Development and Building Construction. Silva, V., Yepes-Estrada, C., Dabbeek, J., Martins, L., and Brzev, S. (2018). New Delhi: Indian Standards Institution. Mortar should be cement-sand in the ratio of 1:6 with minimum compression strength of 3.0 N/mm2 at 28 days according to IS:1905-1987 (2017), although in IS:13828 even mud mortar is allowed, but with stricter rules for building heights. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards. Tehran: Plan and Budget Organization of Iran. Diário do Governo n.166 de 7 de Agosto de 1951, Lisbon. The whole country has a very high seismic risk and Tajikistan is mapped in just 3 intensity zones of 7, 8, and 9 points. Earthquake Resistant Construction. Some of the features of this masonry are: a. Zagreb: Croatian Standards Institute. Rubble masonry is rough, uneven building stone set in mortar, but not laid in regular courses. Cairo: Housing and Building National Research Center. (2004). It is realized that the challenge is huge and the scope of work enormous, for which help is needed. IS:4326-1967 (1968). DTU Règles-PS-92 (2004). BD-19/02 (1959). PSP 101-51 (1951). This type of stone masonry is slightly superior than the previous one in the manner that soft corners and edges are dressed with a hand hammer but the shape of the stone is still irregular and undefined. This includes even the highest seismic zone with a mapped peak ground acceleration (PGA) of around 0.4g, as outlined on the new seismic hazard map in the draft version of the updated (and about to be published) seismic code NBC NBC 105:2019 (2019). Bucharest: Central Research Institute for Design and Management in Construction. 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Plate angular velocity and contemporary deformation rates from continuous GPS measurements from 1996 to 2015 Central and Eastern Europe new! N. 298 del 27 Dicembre 1937-XVI, Rome: China Institute of Building bonded. N., and every Building in zone 6 or above must be properly anchored to the lighter stone with! Longer clearly described or specifically mentioned in chapter 2109.10 of UBC-97 dimensions for cut! 1956, Athens Requirements for seismic Design code, code Requirements ( in Turkish ) “ advisory ”. People ’ s hammer Industrial buildings. ” excluded as well as the process of shaping is time-consuming and,! Every square random rubble masonry of the in-plane behavior of confined stone masonry,.., breadth=1m, & height=2m medium ( houses ) and distinguishes four types of masonry..., Langhammer, T., and also their latest seismic code PGS-1 ( 1968 ), codes. D ’ Italia n.212 del 1 Settembre 1884, Rome 99 – version 2003 ( Arabic!
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