This situation which needs to be re[laced instead it takes a different direction all together. However the most dominant ones in Ghana and Africa are Islam and Christianity, both accounting for more than 90% of religious adherents, with the rest, including traditional beliefs, having less than 10% of adherents. the like.” African traditional spirituality as an African heritage must be taken seriously for a fuller understanding of African Christian spirituality, particularly of the African Pentecostal churches. While discussing the issue of humanity in nature, Berry (2006) commented that Homo sapiens can be taken as myriad creatures in relation to human beings and the natural world. All of this is attributed to the influence of Judeo-Christian conceptions of creation . Zimbabwe's Education Ministry recommended the teaching of African Traditional Religion in recognition of its multi-religious society. [15], Followers of traditional African religions are also found around the world. The story of Noah and the flood illustrates God's concern for all creatures because it states that God made the covenant not just with human beings but with "every living thing" and that God desires all creatures to "be fruitful and multiply." Traditional African approaches in the light of natural values, and of modern secular attitude If we are going to speak of traditional African concepts and customs regarding marriage and the family, a few clarifications are called for. But today the biggest challenge in the 21st century on the environmental crisis is in Africa. African traditional societies are rich in indigenous knowledge systems that This is taking human being as a mere animal which is not true. For the Kikuyu, according to their primary supreme creator, Ngai, acting through the lesser deities, is believed to speak to and be capable of guiding the virtuous person as one's conscience. Diviner (also known as priest) are also sought for their wisdom as counselors in life and for their knowledge of herbal medicine. African political leaders will have to make the changes that will reduce corruption and generate the laws, policies, and practices needed to enable and encourage these preceding non-political efforts. The anthropocosmic impulse is for rationality, intimacy, and communion with this numinous reality. All these wastes together with nuclear waste disposal are tremendous becoming health hazards associated with air pollution within the physical environment. African Traditional Religion was not regarded as a true religion by missionaries, hence it was called heathenism, a religion of the uncivilised. Religious traditions are being affected by both theological problems and political implications of stewardship in addressing ecological issues. All aspects of weather, thunder, lightning, rain, day, moon, sun, stars, and so on may become amenable to control through the cosmology of African people. the ‘now’ of African problems and challenges, or how they could be criticized because they have failed to assist African aspirations in the face of colonial and neo-colonial hegemonies (Masoga 2002:309). Professor White’s article makes it very clear on the concept of Biblical aspect of man’s dominion over the earth. ), are excited to the point of going into meditative trance in response to rhythmic or driving drumming or singing. The practice of casting may be done with small objects, such as bones, cowrie shells, stones, strips of leather, or flat pieces of wood. The best interpreter of African Religion is the African with a disciplined mind and the requisite technical tools. I mentioned earlier matters of environmental pollution on both living things and non-living things. Individual and communal transformations are expressed through rituals and ceremonies that celebrate natural seasonal cycles as well as various cultural rites of passage. (Ed) (2006). Therefore this term is used to denote the dynamic interaction of humans with nature. The challenge faced by religious traditions as was seen earlier is the attitude on matters of environmental concept. But America can help. One major difference between conventional, Western medicine and traditional African medicine, is the way of viewing illnesses and their treatments .Unlike its Western counter-part, traditional African medicine is said to take a holistic approach, which is based on the premise of interconnectedness, and often includes indigenous herbalism in its treatment. The other challenge in the planet is global Warming: this ecological issue is impacting negatively on climate changes. Heavy metals, nitrates and plastic are toxins responsible for pollution. This symbolic expression of nature in myth, beliefs and ritual practices and the understanding of divine nature are displayed in traditional practices of people as they interact with their divine God the “earth” which forms the basis of religious expressions. Berry,R.J. It true that, religious traditions are undergoing through a revolutionary changes as they experience the environmental wave in the 21st century. On my own understanding, religious traditions are thought of divine presence and purpose in nature and the cosmos, through with environmental issues in which they have been shaped by human beliefs and culture. The African religion was condemned by the Early European scholars, travelers, investigators and missionaries. African Traditional Religions. 1. Umewaen: Journal of Benin & Edoid Studies: Osweego, NY. In this essay will try to define the terms “religious traditions” and “ecological issues”. [18], Traditional African religions can be broken down into linguistic cultural groups, with common themes. This issue is the key challenge that the church attitudes towards environment is still declining in the contemporary society. Current environmental problems make us vulnerable to disasters and tragedies, now and in the future. In addition, the study of religious ecology gives insight into how particular environments have influenced the development of cultures. 3. Colonialism affected many traditional African rituals; many have been distorted and misused. Therefore, religious traditions are at the cross road towards addressing ecological challenges because no item in the physical creation has any purpose towards saving humanity. Gods were either self-created or evolved from spirits or ancestors which got worshiped by the people. For example in the developing countries, we may witness notorious aspect where the production of excessive amount of waste or garbage which eventually get to be dumped into the oceans and sea waters. This can be seen from the chapters of Genesis in Old Testament as follows. [16], Animism builds the core concept of traditional African religions, this includes the worship of tutelary deities, nature worship, ancestor worship and the belief in an afterlife. Since it is a religion practised by living persons today, changes are to be expected. In addition there is a sizable number of adherents in African-influenced religions in Religions in Africa have also not been able bring forth justice, reconciliation and peace in Africa. Raleigh, NC: SI. I cannot answer for Islam, but in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa Christianity was first preached by Western missionaries from Werstern Europe and North America in the 19th and 20th centuries. In many cases, Africans who have converted to other religions have still kept up their traditional customs and practices, combining them in a syncretic way.[42]. In this state, depending upon the region, drumming or instrumental rhythms played by respected musicians (each of which is unique to a given deity or ancestor), participants embody a deity or ancestor, energy or state of mind by performing distinct ritual movements or dances which further enhance their elevated consciousness. Before addressing the problems and difficulties that religious traditions face when they address problems related to ecological issues, it is vital to understand the environmental or ecological crisis. Religious traditions of the African people here created a great threat towards addressing ecological situation in African continent. For the purpose of this paper I will only summarize few of areas under which ecological crisis is manifested! As mentioned above, I wish to present this religion as tribal religion full of religious beliefs and practices based on African concept of environment. The increase of pollution on a hazardous scale are the most alarming situation in some of the African countries as the citizens try to fight for their own survival. Religious traditions and ecological issues have been the key features of human affairs and the leading issues in the contemporary society, attracting the attention of the global society. Encyclopædia Britannica, (2003), Index of African mythology and creation narratives, List of African deities and mythical figures, Traditional African Religion and other religions, Persecution of traditional African religion, "The world of spirits and the respect for nature: towards a new appreciation of animism", "Animism: Foundation of Traditional Healing in Sub-Saharan Africa", What is religion? So there are many implications on the challenges of religious beliefs and practices that are affecting the natural world. African Traditional Religion is the traditional religion of the African people before the coming of Islam and Christianity. According to Berry (2006), the world Council of Churches met at Vancouver in 1983 in where the issue of “the integrity of creation” was added to Justice and peace on matters of environment. For example the issue of stewardship which is the key foundation of some religious practices are the basis in which religion and ecology are seen offering that the some intellectual energy, symbolic power, moral persuasion within their institutional structures. When Ludwig got to Having seen the relationship between religion and ecology, it is of vital to understand religious traditions based on Christian perspective. Britannica Book of the Year 2003. African religious beliefs were very much attached to the nature. Traditional African religion has common themes such as a Creator or High God, positive ancestor influences as well as tricksters, and an afterlife with spirit worlds. Such insights provide powerful grounds for environmental responsibility. He contends that human beings are the dominant species in the plant earth. inherent in those who practice African traditional religion as well as in many Christians and Muslims religious practices at one point in time or the other (Omotosho, 2010). It is at this point that Christianity can be viewed bearing many challenges towards addressing challenges associated with ecological crisis. To start with is the current situation into which the Planet Earth is ; the planet is poised at the brink of a severe environmental crisis. Traditional African approaches in the light of natural values, and of modern secular attitude If we are going to speak of traditional African concepts and customs regarding marriage and the family, a few clarifications are called for. The Semitic Abrahamic religion of Judaism is comparable to the latter world view. Which also includes natural resources such as water, electric charge, fire, magnetism, air and climate requires religious traditions remedy. According to Zuma the nature and the value system of the traditional courts of promoting social cohesion and reconciliation must be recognized and strengthened in the laws. An African understanding, The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions, "US study sheds light on Africa's unique religious mix", Ian S. Markham,(A World Religions Reader. Among NigerâCongo-speakers is a belief in a creator God, force or higher deity, which is considered by some to be a widespread and ancient feature of Niger-Congo-cultures,[19][20][21] along with other more specialized deities, ancestor spirits, territorial spirits, and beings, as well as evil caused by human ill will and neglecting ancestor spirits, and priests of territorial spirits. Upholding religion 1. basically meant to help people in their tribulations but religious pluralism in Africa has brought conflict, tension and confusion in families and communities. I have explored a spectrum of the current ecological and environmental crisis affecting the world today showing the relationship of religion and ecological issues as well as the areas of conflicts between the two. A belief in ancestors also testifies to the inclusive nature of traditional African spirituality by positing that deceased progenitors still play a role in the lives of their living descendants. Most religions can be described as animistic[4][5] with various polytheistic and pantheistic aspects. To me this is what I may refer to as the ecological crisis in the 21st century. Industry and motor vehicle exhaust are the number one pollutants. Based on the above discussion in view of the current ecological crisis, it is worth noting that religious traditions have a common denominator on the difficulties and challenges in which religious groups finds themselves on matters of dealing with ecological issues. This evolving cycle of life and death is, in part, what has engaged religious systems seeking to integrate their intricate symbolic and ritual structures with life processes. [21][22] New world religions such as SanterÃa, Vodun, and Candomblé, would be derived from this world. For some traditions this is a creator deity, for others it is a numinous presence in nature, and for others it is the source of flourishing life. The paper will point out issues on general ecology, and current ecological crisis showing the areas of conflict between religion and ecology in view of Christianity and African traditional religion as examples of five major world religions for the purposes of trying to point out the key environmental challenges that it impossible for the two religions in addressing the crisis. Religious traditions are unable to differentiate the matters of science and religious beliefs that help her adherence to take care of the environment. According to Berry (2006), while quoting John Paul II, pointed out that “the earth was made for man, and not man for the earth” . Due to technological advancement, we have the ecological crisis based on genetic engineering:; Genetic modification of food using biotechnology is called genetic engineering is one of the modification of food resulting to an increased toxins and diseases which are affecting our genetic makeup. They have replaced indigenous African religions, but are often adapted to African cultural contexts and belief systems. This crisis is therefore challenging to religious traditions due to the magnitudes of the issues as pointed below. During these events usually an offering is made to honour, please and thank the ancestors. No longer was reference made to African culture, it became barbarism. For the purpose of this paper, the above mentioned issues are the crisis in which the religious traditions are trying to overcome. This notion signifies a study of man’s habitat in a broad sense the study of our home as well as the interactions between organisms and the physical environment. The discussion will pay special reference to two religious traditions. [1] Generally, these traditions are oral rather than scriptural and passed down from one generation to another through folk tales, songs and festivals,[2][3] include belief in an amount of higher and lower gods, sometimes including a supreme creator or force, belief in spirits, veneration of the dead, use of magic and traditional African medicine. He also notes that most modern African folk religions were strongly influenced by non-African religions, mostly Christianity and Islam and thus may differ from the ancient forms. The aspect of earth images and metaphors which inspires people’s faith is not in accordance with the natural law of the environment. According to Asoanya (2011), Christians have been accused of discarding totally on the basis of their traditional attitudes towards caring the environment. Globally, people are taking efforts to shift to renewable sources of energy like solar, wind, biogas and geothermal energy. But today the biggest challenge in the 21st century on the environmental crisis is in Africa. For White, Christianity accepted this biblical view of creation, fostering the attitude that human beings transcend nature and may exploit it. The Arabic language has provided abstract concepts, particularly religious ones, that reveal Islamic modes of thought and expression. Life in African traditional religion is based on maintaining the balance between the visible and invisible world. 2 E. B. Idowu, African Traditional Religion, S.C.M., 1973, p.87. inconsistently used African Traditional Religion and African Religion, while Onibere insisted on African Indigenous Religion. With this relationship in mind about ecology and religious traditions, it is worth noting that religion and ecology is still defining its scope and limitations base on different historical contexts in which religious traditions evolve by comparison to current environmental problems which forms the basis of this paper. It is the intention of this paper in later details here below shall choose to reflect on a few of religion of which Christianity will be drawn out of the above and I will purpose to pick African tradition religion that I get to know from my native continent. When early missionaries came to bring the gospel to Africans, it is clear that they might have believed that over time the African spirit world was hopefully going to dissipate if Africans were given more education and religious instruction (2007;375). Traditional African religions are less of faith traditions and more of lived traditions. This shows that there is a strong link between religion and ecology. For the African, “to live is to be caught up in a religious drama” (Mbiti 1999:1). Tutu (1985:160) recognises that pre-Christian Africans were receptive to the Christian gospel because the biblical message resonated with aspects of their own world view, some Thus, strictly speaking, religion in its pristine form is no longer in existence. This calls for an immediate awakening of religious traditions to embrace the concept of stewardship. It is the most popular for decoration and can often be seen printed on cloth or stamped on pottery.The rapid spread of Pentecostal Christianity and fundamentalist Islam has greatly affected the role of indigenous religion in African society. This builds skills at separating the feelings elicited by this mindset from their situational manifestations in daily life. It is worth noting that in African religions, just like other indigenous or tribal religions, respect for the integrity, dignity and sanctity of all nature is the main hold. Because religion is a way of life, it relates to culture and society as they affect the worldview of the African people. 3 And similar to this was the dialogue that took place between Edwin Smith, who had gone out as a missionary to Africa, and Emil Ludwig, an eminent biographer. The beliefs and practices of the traditional religions in Africa can enrich Christian theology and spirituality." Gradually things have changed as a result of increase of human being in terms population causing a great harm and violence against environment. It is at this point that Berry (2006),when addressing ecological implications on stewardship, noted that, humanity evolved within the natural world. - It only takes five minutes Dirty water is the biggest health risk of the world and poses threat to the quality of life and public health. Again the issue of urban mass movement and population increase has been the major challenge which is full of religious phenomenon: this phenomenon is attributing to migration of people to urban enhance causing waste disposal a challenge to the surrounding, creating a global crisis to environment. However an erudite and acclaimed Professor of African religion, late Dopamu was consistent in the use of the term African Religion with the acronym “Afrel”20. S. Mbiti, John (1991). 1. Religious ecology provides a basis for exploring diverse cultural responses to the varied Earth processes. African Traditional Religion has been evolving; there is in it the element of continuity as well as discontinuity. 13 numbers of adherents of African religion. There are more similarities than differences in all traditional African religions. While some traditions have a supreme being (next to other deities), others have not. This is what made scholars such as Mbiti (1969,p.1), Parrinder (1954,p.9) and Mugambi (1995) conclude that Africans are notoriously, incurably and reputably religious respectively. African traditional religion refers to the indigenous or autochthonous religions of the African people. But same human being according to me is the stabling block towards addressing ecological issues. While some religions adopted a pantheistic worldview, most follow a polytheistic system with various gods, spirits and other supernatural beings. In traditional African societies, many people seek out diviners on a regular basis. This alignment of the passage of human life with natural systems constitutes a profound dynamic of religious energy expressed in cosmological myths, symbols, and rituals. African Traditional Religion is now widely taught in African universities, but its identity remains essentially negative: African belief that is not Christianity or Islam. Urban sprawl results in land degradation, increased traffic, environmental issues and health issues. The paper will summarize the challenges faced by religious tradition in combating ecological issues. Religion is often depicted as a trigger factor in many conflicts. The sub topic discussed here, will briefly asses the “conflict” between religious tradition and ecology. Within the planet earth, the deforestation is the major ecological challenge because forests are natural basins of carbon dioxide and produce fresh oxygen as well as helps in regulating temperature and rainfall. For example looking Genesis 1-11 contains several fundamental ideas about the natural world and our place in it. One religious ceremony practiced in Gabon and Cameroon is the Okuyi, practiced by several Bantu ethnic groups. In conclusion, the issue of more science and more technology makes religion to find herself at loggerhead with ecology. Native African historians and scholars, from mid-20th c. This is what might have caused the challenges faced by Christianity as a religion in addressing ecological issues. African Traditional Religion as Providing a Sound Learning Foundation The majority of the respondents (90.6%) indicated that the re- ligious educator in Zimbabwe’s primary schools needs some basic comprehension of the values of African Traditional Religion. African Traditional Religion has been evolving; there is in it the element of continuity as well as discontinuity. Foreign anthropologists from late 19thc. Even though Berry had no idea about African original beliefs that went on fading with time, this concept is very much applicable where stewardship is perceived as slavery. This has however not … This belief, just as in the case of the previous one, has a theological basis – the plurality of divinities ( polytheism ). The other difficult is where religious tradition perceived that nature is the enemy. We now see many of the problems common in western culture also emerging and becoming common amidst African people. Fossil fuel consumption results in emission of Greenhouse gases, which is responsible for global warming and climate change. Most African societies believe in several âhigh godsâ and a large amount of lower gods and spirits. Further discussion is articulated below in the relationship of the two areas of conflicts. I which to summarize this part by an observation made by Asoanya that serious environmental problems are reported from areas where Islam, Buddhism, Atheism, and other religions dominate (Asoanya 2011:141). [8][9], Although the majority of Africans today are adherents of Christianity or Islam, African people often combine the practice of their traditional belief with the practice of Abrahamic religions. These are some of the philosophical religious currents concerning the imperfection of the world, the body and the nature. 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